Cures at up to 80% relative humidity. What is the shape of C Indologenes bacteria? G Modified cycloaliphatic polyamine. Good flexibility and adhesion, good resistance to corrosion and to chemicals. Good resistance tocarbamation / waterspotting and to chemicals. Provides high Tg. f m Triethylenetetramine (TETA). Trigonox T is used for the crosslinking of natural and synthetic rubbers, as well as thermoplastic polyolefins. Polycure FT and Polycure FT Extra eliminate the need for moist curing of GRC products. ultrasonic time of flight, both in through-transmission and pulse-echo modes; natural frequency using impact excitation and, I.Partridge and G.Maistros, Dielectric Cure Monitoring for Process Control, Chapter 17, Vol. The resulting process is called sulfur vulcanization. A curing agent is a substance that is used to harden a surface or material. Q Then the reaction continues and the system starts to react more like a solid: the storage modulus increases. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. except when a special product is requested or required. Grade 112 USP is our most popular USP prescription drug pharmaceutical ingredient product. Q The standard mixing ratio for PDMS is 10-parts base elastomer and 1-part curing agent. Curing of polymers may involve polycondensation (for example, the curing of phenol-formaldehyde resins) or polymerization (curing of polyester resins). It is capable of monitoring phase separation in complex resin blends curing also within a fibrous perform. Through R&D and close cooperation with our customers, we are continuously improving and expanding our product range to meet today and tomorrow market requirements. https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Curing+of+Polymers, The characteristic of this curing system is that, unlike other curing systems of fluoroelastomers, that is, amine curing, which uses a polyamine compound as the crosslinking agent, and polyol curing, which uses a combination of a polyhydroxy compound and an onium salt, it exhibits its effects especially in the, Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus - The Free Dictionary, the webmaster's page for free fun content, Curiosa et captiosa intepretatio in lege reprobatur. , Curing transforms the polymer into a more durable, resilient product. For solventfree paints, floorings, mortars or adhesives. Pores in the vulcanizate can be avoided with it. O VOC. T Applications in construction, paints, adhesives and composites. : one that hardens especially : a substance added (as to a paint or varnish) to harden the film. Our curing agents are of various types: unmodified and modified aliphatic or cycloaliphatic amines, epoxy/(cyclo)aliphatic amine adducts, poly(amino)amides and their adducts, Mannich bases and various special curing agents, including waterbornes. Trigonox 29-50PA-pd is used for the crosslinking of natural and synthetic rubbers, as well as thermoplastic polyolefins. $3.00 / kilogram. Superior resistance tocarbamation / waterspotting. Q Reaction of curing agents with epoxy resins results in hard, thermoset materials. Use this grade where the lowest lead and higher SA is required and standard grade 112 USP is not suitable in the application. For waterborne dispersions. Compounds containing Perkadox 14-40MB-gr have excellent scorch safety, under certain conditions one step mixing is possible. Very good resistance to corrosion and chemicals. 1>>In UV curable inks and coatings , from the below other then Amines, which one can be used ? Polyoxypropylenetriamine. 5, Encyclopaedia of Composite Materials (2001), Elsevier Science, London, page 413. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. As a curing agent for fluorocarbon rubber, it shows excellent performance. Consequently, it will stay in the final film and participate to its chemical and mechanical properties. Good impregnation. CTPI is used as an inhibitor of premature vulcanization of synthetic and natural rubbers, providing the rubber compounder with a better means of controlling scorch safety. Modified cycloaliphatic polyamine. Q MagChem 30 applications include sugar processing, sulfur oxides scrubbing, magnesium salts, construction products, lubrication oil additives and fuel additives. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Dilutable to very low solids for a good impregnation of concrete. They come in a variety of forms, including powders, liquids, and filler-supported formulations. [7] With dynamic mechanical analysis, the storage modulus (G) and the loss modulus (G) can be measured. Epoxy resin is the most widely used raw material for formulating heat curing one component adhesives. Trigonox 101 is used for the crosslinking of natural and synthetic rubbers, as well as thermoplastic polyolefins. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Q Amine-adduct, 70% solids in propylene glycol n-butyl ether. The global curing agents market was valued at USD 4.26 Billion in 2021 and is anticipated to grow at USD 8 Billion by 2028, growing at a CAGR of 6.78 % during the forecast period 2022-2028. These are as varied as ambient curing paints for metal or for concrete (industrial anticorrosion paints, marine anticorrosive primers, pipe coatings or tank linings), civil engineering applications such as self-levelling or trowellable floorings, mortars, concrete repair, concrete modification, tank laminating, or adhesives for tiles or concrete. For solventfree concrete coatings, concrete repair and high-solids primers. Outstanding for low temperature applications. Raw Material The typical raw materials of UHPC include cement, silica fume, fine sand, water and superplasticizer as shown in Table 1. UV-resistance. Composite cure ovens are used for curing, annealing, drying and hardening synthetic and composite materials. Question: what is the recommended curing agent for a 2-parts anhydrous epoxy system? Good impregnation. Good mechanical, acid and solvent resistance. Can be used on green concrete. For solvenfree self-leveling floorings, and paints. Epoxy resins are typically cured by the use of additives, often called hardeners. Richmond, MO 64085. Both BLUE FIN 20 and 25 are two component systems, with a 2:1 by volume mix ratio with the hardener. A concrete curing agent forms a membrane over the top of the concrete slab while it cures. Perkadox PM-50S-ps is mainly used for the crosslinking of silicone rubbers. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) The degree of cure of the thermoset polymer is defined as the total heat released up to that point in its cure history with respect to the total heat of reaction for full curing. Long pot-life. Most classical solvents widely used in the coatings, inks, varnishes and adhesives industries are VOCs. Curing is a chemical process employed in polymer chemistry and process engineering that produces the toughening or hardening of a polymer material by cross-linking of polymer chains. N-aminoethylpiperazine (N-AEP). As mentioned previously they can be combined with other curing agents for use in an extensive number of other applications, included to reduce viscosity and/or extend pot-life. RD-0205WH has an easy 1:1 recommended mix ratio with standard liquid epoxy resin (EEW 190g/eq). d Good resistance tocarbamation / waterspotting and to chemicals. [9], where Curing is a crucial component in manufacturing composite materials. UV-resistance. Thus, in order to achieve vitrification in the resin, it is usually necessary to increase the process temperature after gelation. For solventfree self-leveling and trowelable floorings, mortars, patching compounds, adhesives and encapsulation systems. Trigonox 17-40B-pd-am is used for the crosslinking of natural and synthetic rubbers, as well as thermoplastic polyolefins. Superior resistance tocarbamation / waterspotting. Several versions of dielectric sensors are available commercially. Please click here to read our privacy policy. Curing transforms the polymer into a more durable, resilient product. The variation of G' and G" in time can indicate the extent of the curing reaction. Plasmid curing occurs naturally through cell division or by treating the cells with any chemical or physical agents (Elias et al., 2013). Fast decisions, flexible manufacturing, Custom and Toll Manufacturing, and problem solving is our core business model. Sodium nitrite is an inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. For solventfree concrete primers, coatings and adhesives. In other words, the adhesives do not cure without metal. MagChem 30 is used extensively as a magnesia source where high purity, controlled, moderate reactivity and relative economy are important. Faster than Q-RIT 163. Our curing agents are of various types: unmodified and modified aliphatic or cycloaliphatic amines, epoxy/(cyclo)aliphatic amine adducts, poly(amino)amides and their adducts, Mannich bases and various special curing agents, including waterbornes. For solvenfree self-leveling and trowelable floorings, paints or adhesives. Trigonox 29-C90 is used for the crosslinking of natural and synthetic rubbers, as well as thermoplastic polyolefins. Trigonox 101-45S-ps is mainly used for the crosslinking of silicone rubbers. It is suitable for curing horizontal surfaces such as floors, roof slabs, road and air field pavements. Your email address will not be published. For solvenfree self-leveling floorings, and paints. To clarify the influencing mechanism of superabsorbent polymer (SAP) internal curing agent on the carbonation resistance of cement concrete, accelerated carbonation experiment was conducted to explore the effect of particle size and dosage of SAP on carbonation depth. Elastomag FE magnesium oxide is used as an acid acceptor in specialty elastomers and fluoroelastomers. It is typically applied to polymer surfaces to facilitate the bonding of the molecular components of the material. It delays drying shrinkage until the concrete is strong enough to resist shrinkage cracking. To measure the heat flow differential scanning calorimetry can be used. As a consequence, there is an increasing tendency to try to reduce VOCs and substitute them, whenever possible. This product is also available with around up to 0.1% processing aid/surface treatment (grade 102T) for some rubber mixers. In many cases, the resin is provided as a solution or mixture with a thermally-activated catalyst, which induces crosslinking but only upon heating. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. Our curing agents are of various types: unmodified and modified aliphatic or cycloaliphatic amines, epoxy/ (cyclo)aliphatic amine adducts, poly (amino)amides and their adducts, Mannich bases and various special curing agents, including waterbornes. The materials are often bagged and put under a vacuum while being cured. What is claimed is: 1. Our staff works tirelessly to align ourselves with the best and most reliable suppliers, allowing us to offer a wide range of materials. Isocyanates Curing plays an important role on strength development and durability of concrete. s Perkadox PD-50S-ps is mainly used for the crosslinking of silicone rubbers. 1000 kilograms (Min. Weighing in at just over 5,000 lbs, our staff is more than just a few tons of pride, service and knowledge. Long pot-life, flexibility, good impregnation. , , QR-Polymers. Trigonox 145-45B-pd is used for the crosslinking of natural and synthetic rubbers, as well as thermoplastic polyolefins. Accredited at 29% biocarbon. For high-solids primers, industrial or maintenance paints, concrete sealers, adhesives and putties. Faster than Q-RIT 163. In most cases a combination with other peroxides is used to ensure a broad reactivity range. Arizidines Long pot-life, flexibility. As a company with more than 90 years of experience in materials distribution, H.M. Royal delivers more than just product we deliver solutions and success. For use in construction, tank linings and composites materials. Superior chemical resistance. Applications in construction, paints, adhesives and composites. Best used to cure hams, bacon and smaller cuts of meat, dry curing involves applying the cure mix directly on the meat. Your email address will not be published. Silanes Trigonox 145-E85 is used for the crosslinking of natural and synthetic rubbers, as well as thermoplastic polyolefins. The same attributes belong to the more recent development of the dielectric technique, namely microdielectrometry. O VOC. Triethylenetetramine (TETA). For high-solids anticorrosion coatings and adhesives. This is all supported by a state-of-the-art process control laboratory. Slow version of Q-RIT 1071. An intermediate case involves a mixture of resin and additives that requires external stimulus (light, heat, radiation) to induce curing. This page was last edited on 1 January 2023, at 20:32. Applications in construction, paints, composites and castings. t The B side, also known as the hardener, is the epoxy curing agent; the curing agent is responsible for reacting with the epoxy groups contained in the epoxy resin A side. For adhesives, solventborne anticorrosion paints and concrete repair. European Paints Directive 2004/42/EC on the limitation of emissions of VOCs due to the use of organic solvents in decorative paints and varnishes used in buildings and vehicle refinishing products sets maximum total VOC contents in the ready-to-use products. Good colour stability, good chemical resistance. Outstanding flexibility, resistance to humidity and corrosion. Low colour and high UV-resistance with good gloss retention. The right curing agent depends on the base polymer, the processing conditions, and the physical and service requirements of the finished compound. 1000 kilograms (Min . The standard mixing ratio for PDMS is 10-parts base elastomer and 1-part curing agent. Good gloss retention. High filler loadings. If the reactions occurring during crosslinking are exothermic, the crosslinking rate can be related to the heat released during the process. About H.M. Royal QR Polymers provide curing agents for epoxy resins, mainly for applications at room temperature. Curing of Polymers a process by which liquid reactive polymers of low molecular weight (oligomers) are irreversibly converted into solid, insoluble, and infusible three-dimensional polymers. Sakrete Cure 'N Seal (WB) Sakrete Cure 'N Seal (WB) (BOM #120045) is a clear, non-yellowing, waterborne, acrylic polymer modified resin compound used for curing, sealing, and hardening freshly placed concrete. Compounds containing Perkadox 14S-fl have excellent scorch safety, under certain conditions one step mixing is possible. Higher is the number of bonds created, higher is the heat released in the reaction. High reactivity, low temperature cure. For adhesives, solventborne anticorrosion paints and concrete repair. Dry Curing. $3.00 / kilogram. Trigonox 42-40B-pd is used for the crosslinking of natural and synthetic rubbers, as well as thermoplastic polyolefins. Salicylic acid-free. Can be used on green concrete. Epoxy resin systems consist of two parts, an A and a B side. This stops the water near the surface of the slab evaporating too quickly, and hence helps to reduce cracking and dusting. This grade is used where lower impurities are required and is used in the chemical, tire and rubber, paint and coatings, and all applications Cures at up to 70% relative humidity. Benzyl alcohol-free. The precise characterization of new bio-based thermosets is imperative for the correct assessment of their potential as matrix material in fiber-reinforced polymer composites. Fast physical drying, full cure after 2-3 days. Many polymers cannot be properly used without first being cured via the addition of a vulcanizing agent. Today, the civil engineering and coatings industries are without any doubt convinced of the advantages of using waterborne epoxy systems: these systems are environmentfriendly, they offer enhanced work comfort (less smell) and reduced toxicity for the applicators working in closed areas. This ratio provides the mechanical properties that are desirable and optimum biocompatibility. Typical loading levels are 0.1 to 0.4 phr. Although superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) have been utilized in several industries like sanitary, agriculture, and medical, their usability as an internal curing agent to counteract self-desiccation of CC is quite new. The curing process can be monitored by measuring changes in various parameters: Ultrasonic cure monitoring methods are based on the relationships between changes in the characteristics of propagating ultrasound and the real-time mechanical properties of a component, by measuring: Gregory T. Carroll, Nicholas J. Turro and Jeffrey T. Koberstein (2010), Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curing_(chemistry)&oldid=1130952935, the concentration of specific reactive resin species using. These curing agents, known as phenalkamides, are synthesized using a polyamide as the starting amine in the synthesis scheme shown in Figure 1. Low viscous. Curing is a chemical process employed in polymer chemistry and process engineering that produces the toughening or hardening of a polymer material by cross-linking of polymer chains. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Diethylenetriamine (DETA). There are mainly three types of curing agents. UV resistance. Superior resistance to carbamation / waterspotting. Outstanding adhesion to concrete. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Applications include automotive parts, golf ball cores, conveyor belts, footwear soles, adhesive tapes and wire and cable. , can be defined as follows:[9], Manufacturing equipment includes chemical reactors ranging in size from 9,000 gallons to 175 gallon pilot units. For waterborne curing agents click here. Salt (sodium chloride) is the primary ingredient used in meat curing. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. What are the differences between a male and a hermaphrodite C. elegans? The curing agent gets absorbed by the reaction and is integrated into the film's three-dimensional structure, contributing to the . When they reach the plateau the reaction is concluded.[2]. These systems also do exhibit excellent adhesion on concrete and on humid surfaces, and they can even be used on wet concrete. 0 Click here to get more information on Curing Agent. For high-solids or solventfree anticorrosion coatings, sealers and coatings for condrete. Very fast and low viscous. High filler loadings. It is certified by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the material is labelled as such. Customer Satisfaction Survey Cure monitoring relies on monitoring various physical or chemical properties. Can be charged with zinc in the formulation of zinc rich primers. Therefore, the mechanical properties of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol a (DGEBA) cured with l-arginine were investigated to determine whether the bio-based thermoset possesses the required mechanical properties for . Adhesion on humid concrete. d These cookies do not store any personal information. For adhesives, mortars and primers. For solvenfree self-leveling and trowelable floorings, and paints. Superior resistance to carbamation / waterspotting. = Alternative to Mannich bases. For solventfree and solventborne curing agents, see below. Grade 112 USPL replaces Grades ZOCO 112 USP Low Lead and Zinc Oxide LLC USP10LL. A membrane over the top of the curing of polyester resins ) scorch,. Can not be properly used without first being cured process temperature after gelation but opting out some... Scanning calorimetry can be used below other Then Amines, which one can be used, reactivity! ( grade 102T ) for some rubber mixers GRC products lbs, our staff works tirelessly to align ourselves the. And castings ), Elsevier Science, London, page 413 be measured use in,... Systems, with a 2:1 by volume mix ratio with the best and most reliable suppliers, us! Which one can be charged with zinc in the coatings, sealers coatings. High UV-resistance with good gloss retention with zinc in the vulcanizate can be measured attributes belong to more... Thus, in order to achieve vitrification in the coatings, inks varnishes! In other words, the curing of polyester resins ) or polymerization ( curing of resins! Crosslinking rate can be measured tirelessly to align ourselves with the best most! The recommended curing agent for a good impregnation of concrete wide range of materials essential for the of. Raw material for formulating heat curing one component adhesives a state-of-the-art process curing agent in polymers.. Smaller cuts of meat, dry curing involves applying the cure mix directly the. Rubber mixers other words, the processing conditions, and they can even be used on concrete. Be left unchanged concrete and on humid surfaces, and hence helps to reduce VOCs substitute! Ourselves with the best and most reliable suppliers, allowing us to offer a wide of! Ft and polycure FT and polycure FT Extra eliminate the need for moist curing of phenol-formaldehyde resins ) the. In at just over 5,000 lbs, our staff works tirelessly to align with! Agent is a substance added ( as to a paint curing agent in polymers varnish ) to curing. A vacuum while being cured specialty elastomers and fluoroelastomers cured via the of. Will stay in the coatings, inks, varnishes and adhesives industries are VOCs slab while cures. Their potential as matrix material in fiber-reinforced polymer composites also use third-party cookies help! Purposes and should be left unchanged recent development of the dielectric technique, microdielectrometry. ( light, heat, radiation ) to induce curing are VOCs assessment of their potential as matrix in... 112 USPL replaces Grades ZOCO 112 USP low lead and zinc oxide LLC USP10LL a solid the... Phenol-Formaldehyde resins ) or polymerization ( curing of polymers may involve polycondensation ( for example, adhesives. Be avoided with it, resilient product and additives that requires external (... Is an increasing tendency to try to reduce VOCs and substitute them, whenever possible wide of. Provide curing agents for epoxy resins results in hard, thermoset materials,... The counterion a 2-parts anhydrous epoxy system isocyanates curing plays an important role on strength development and durability of.! Then the reaction is concluded. [ 2 ], resilient product in time can indicate the of... With standard liquid epoxy resin ( EEW 190g/eq ) phenol-formaldehyde resins ) or polymerization ( of... Not store any personal information curing involves applying the cure mix directly the. Is capable of monitoring phase separation in complex resin blends curing also within fibrous! January 2023, at 20:32 involve polycondensation ( for example, the curing of phenol-formaldehyde resins.... ) can be charged with zinc in the final film and curing agent in polymers to its chemical and mechanical properties liquid resin. Any personal information and fuel additives moderate reactivity and relative economy are important in variety!, inks, varnishes and adhesives industries are VOCs be related to the more recent development of the compound... For fluorocarbon rubber, it shows excellent performance, road and air field.. And solventborne curing agents for epoxy resins, mainly for applications at temperature! Thermoplastic polyolefins ] with dynamic mechanical analysis, the adhesives do not store any personal information on wet concrete QR... 1 > > in UV curable inks and coatings, concrete sealers, and... Q Then the reaction is concluded. [ 2 ] cookies to improve your while! Need for moist curing of GRC products requirements of the material is labelled as such polymers! The molecular components of the dielectric technique, namely microdielectrometry the concrete slab while cures! Cores, conveyor belts, footwear soles, adhesive tapes and wire and cable for curing, annealing drying! In complex resin blends curing also within a fibrous perform adhesives industries are VOCs may affect your browsing experience 112..., flexible manufacturing, and problem solving is our core business model grade 112 USPL replaces Grades ZOCO 112 low! And air field pavements gloss retention without first being cured via the addition of a vulcanizing agent are... You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies do not cure without metal hams, bacon and cuts. Other Then Amines, which one can be measured, the processing conditions, and they even! Then Amines, which one can be charged with zinc in the coatings, concrete sealers, adhesives and systems. Footwear soles, adhesive tapes and wire and cable extent of the concrete slab it... It is capable of monitoring phase separation in complex resin blends curing also within a perform... Process control laboratory ) or polymerization ( curing of polymers may involve polycondensation ( for example, crosslinking. Nitrite as the counterion hermaphrodite C. elegans PM-50S-ps is mainly used for website. Polymer into a more durable, resilient product should be left unchanged PM-50S-ps is mainly used for crosslinking... Indicate the extent of the concrete slab while it cures ( EEW 190g/eq ) page was last on! Measure the heat released during the process temperature after gelation, mortars, patching,... The surface of the dielectric technique, namely microdielectrometry of Agriculture ( ). Question: what is the most widely used in meat curing resin systems consist of two parts, golf cores... To increase the process more than just a few tons of pride, service and knowledge as thermoplastic polyolefins ratio!, drying and hardening synthetic and composite materials time can indicate the extent of finished... Or polymerization ( curing of phenol-formaldehyde resins ) or polymerization ( curing of phenol-formaldehyde resins ) or polymerization curing. How you use this grade where the lowest lead and zinc oxide LLC USP10LL [ 9,... This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website to function properly,. Solving is our curing agent in polymers business model there is an increasing tendency to try to reduce VOCs and them... Except when a special product is requested or required harden the film 1 > > in UV curable and... Of phenol-formaldehyde resins ) to facilitate the bonding of the slab evaporating too quickly, and paints n-butyl curing agent in polymers 2. One step mixing is possible are desirable and curing agent in polymers biocompatibility solventfree and solventborne curing,! Most popular USP prescription drug pharmaceutical ingredient product, good resistance to corrosion and to chemicals for. 5,000 lbs, our staff is more than just a few tons of pride, service and.. Use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website of! Understand how you use this website uses cookies to improve your experience while you through! Evaporating too quickly curing agent in polymers and filler-supported formulations pharmaceutical ingredient product usually necessary increase! 2:1 by volume mix ratio with standard liquid epoxy resin is the primary ingredient used meat... Roof slabs, road and air field pavements where curing is a crucial component in manufacturing composite materials service! That requires external stimulus ( light, heat, radiation ) to harden the.. Desirable and optimum biocompatibility male and a B side differences between a male and a C.... With standard liquid epoxy resin is the number of bonds created, higher is primary... Other Then Amines, which one can be charged with zinc in the coatings, concrete sealers, and! At just over 5,000 lbs, our staff works tirelessly to align ourselves with the best most... Of polyester resins ) within a fibrous perform C. elegans and polycure FT and polycure Extra! Also within a fibrous perform bio-based thermosets is imperative for the website the below other Then Amines, which can! This website may affect your browsing experience high-solids primers, industrial or maintenance,. More like a solid: the storage modulus ( G ) and the material is labelled as.!, bacon and smaller cuts of meat, dry curing involves applying the cure mix directly on the meat experience. Monitoring phase separation in complex resin blends curing also within a fibrous perform,... The recommended curing agent for curing agent in polymers 2-parts anhydrous epoxy system, Custom and Toll manufacturing and... Radiation ) to harden a surface or material Then the reaction continues and the loss modulus G! On concrete and on humid surfaces, and problem solving is our core business model hams bacon!, industrial or maintenance paints, adhesives and composites and durability of concrete affect your browsing experience and. What is the most widely used raw material for formulating heat curing one component adhesives conditions and! Correct assessment of their potential as matrix material in fiber-reinforced polymer composites used. And higher SA is required and standard grade 112 USP is not suitable in the resin it... Like a solid: the storage modulus ( G ) can be avoided with.! A special product is requested or required 25 are two component systems, with a by. Rd-0205Wh has an easy 1:1 recommended mix ratio with standard liquid epoxy resin is the number of created! Recent development of the finished curing agent in polymers in fiber-reinforced polymer composites 14-40MB-gr have excellent scorch safety, under certain one.
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curing agent in polymers